Typewriter keyboard Typewriter Electric designs Computer keyboard Keyboard layout Correction methods IBM PC keyboard Mechanical keyboard

IBM PC keyboard

The IBM PC keyboard and its derivative computer keyboards are standardized. However, during the 20 years of the PC architecture being constantly updated, several types of keyboards have been developed.

The PC keyboard with its various keys has a long history of evolution reaching back to teletypewriters. In addition to the 'old' standard keys, the PC keyboard has accumulated several special keys over the years. Some of the additions have been inspired by the opportunity or requirement for improving user productivity with general office application software, while other slightly more general keyboard additions have become de facto standards after being introduced by certain operating system or GUI software vendors such as Microsoft.

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Shift selects the upper character, or select upper case of letters. The Shift key in typewriters was attached to a lever that moved the character types so that the uppercase characters could be printed in the paper.
Caps Lock selects upper case, or if shift is pressed, lower case of letters. In mechanical typewriters, it worked like the Shift key, but also used a lock to keep the Shift key depressed. The lock was released by pressing the Shift key.
Enter wraps to the next line or activates the default or selected option. ASCII keyboards had CR or "carriage return". Typewriters used a lever that, once pressed, would move the cylinder with the paper.

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There are several types of keyboard, usually differentiated by the switch technology employed in their operation. Since there are so many switches needed (usually about 80-110) and because they have to be highly reliable, this usually defines the keyboard. The choice of switch technology affects key response (the positive feedback that a key has been pressed) and travel (the distance needed to push the key to enter a character reliably). Newer models use hybrids of various technologies to achieve greater cost savings. No current keyboard approaches the superb ergonomics of the IBM Selectric typewriter, because its complex mechanism would be prohibitively costly to manufacture and maintain in today's market.

Dome-switch keyboards are kind of a hybrid of membrane and mechanical keyboards. They bring two circuit board traces together under a rubber "dome" or bubble. The top of the bubble is coated in some conductive substance. When a key is pressed, it collapses the dome, which shorts out the two circuit traces and completes the connection to enter the character. The pattern on the PC board is often gold-plated.

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This is a common switch technology used in mass market keyboards today. It is considered very quiet, but purists tend to find it "mushy" because the collapsing dome does not provide as much positive response as a hard closing switch. These are also a good choice for office or consumer environments because they share a certain degree of liquid resistance with their membrane ancestors. This switch technology also happens to be most commonly used in handheld controllers, such as those used with home video game consoles.

Dome-switch keyboards are also called direct-switch keyboards.

Capacitive keyboard

In this type of keyboard, pressing the key changes the capacitance of a pattern printed on a PC board. Usually this permits a pulse or pulse train to be sensed. Unlike "dome switch" keyboards, the pattern will be covered by a thin, insulating film. Capacitive keyboards are inexpensive, and resist wear, water, foreign objects and dirt. They are common in PC keyboards.

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Mechanical-switch keyboard

Mechanical-switch keyboards use real switches, one under each key. Depending on the construction of the switch, these keyboards have varying responses and travel times. Notable keyboards utilizing this technology are the Apple Extended II and its modern imitator, the Matias Tactile Pro

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Keyboard Typewriter keyboard Typewriter Electric designs Computer keyboard Keyboard layout Correction methods IBM PC keyboard Mechanical keyboard